O Fator Previdenciário foi criado pela Lei 9.876/99, ele é um índice aplicado na renda mensal inicial da Aposentadoria por Tempo de Contribuição. O cálculo é relativamente simples, multiplica-se o resultado pelo Fator Previdenciário, após todos os cálculos e definição do salário de benefício.
Se o índice for menor que 1, funcionará como um redutor do benefício; se o índice for maior que 1, funcionará como um majorador do benefício.
Fórmula do Fator Previdenciário
f = Resultado do fator previdenciário
Es = Expectativa de sobrevida calculada pelo IBGE
Tc = Tempo de contribuição do segurado
Id = Idade do segurado
a = alíquota fixa de 0,31
O que é o fator previdenciário?
Criado em 1999, o fator previdenciário é um número, resultado de uma fórmula, que é usado para evitar que a pessoa se aposente muito cedo. Se parar de trabalhar mais jovem, ganha menos aposentadoria.
A fórmula usada para chegar ao fator leva em conta o tempo de contribuição até o momento da aposentadoria, a idade do trabalhador na hora da aposentadoria e a expectativa de anos que ele ainda tem de vida, além da alíquota, que é fixa e atualmente é de 0,31.
Como funcionava a aposentadoria com o fator?
A aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição com fator previdenciário levava em conta apenas o tempo que o trabalhador contribuiu com o INSS. Para conseguir essa aposentadoria era preciso ter 35 anos de contribuição, no caso dos homens, e 30 anos, para mulheres, independentemente da idade que a pessoa tinha. O limite mínimo de tempo de contribuição é menor para professores em geral: 30 anos para homens e 25 anos para mulheres.
Para calcular o valor da aposentadoria, era feita uma média dos 80% maiores salários de contribuição desde julho de 1994, ajustado pela inflação. A média era multiplicada pelo fator previdenciário, e o resultado dessa multiplicação seria o valor da aposentadoria.
O que mudou com a reforma da Previdência?
Com a reforma da Previdência, as aposentadorias passaram a ter uma regra única, que exige idade mínima de 62 anos para mulheres e 65 anos para homens, além de 15 anos de contribuição (homens que começaram a trabalhar depois que a reforma entrou em vigor terão que contribuir por 20 anos).
Como há um período de adaptação para essas novas regras, a aposentadoria com o fator previdenciário ainda pode ser concedida em alguns casos:
Fez o pedido de aposentadoria e está esperando a resposta
Os trabalhadores que já pediram a aposentadoria pelo fator previdenciário antes de a reforma entrar em vigor e ainda estão esperando a resposta do INSS vão se aposentar com a tabela do fator vigente até 30 de novembro de 2019. O cálculo será a média salarial dos 80% maiores salários de contribuição desde julho de 1994 e, depois, aplica-se o fator.
Já atingiu os requisitos, mas não fez o pedido
Quem atingiu os requisitos mínimos para pedir a aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição pelo fator antes de a reforma começar a valer, mas ainda não fez o pedido de aposentadoria, tem o direito adquirido, ou seja, pode optar por se aposentar pelas regras antigas, se for mais vantajoso.
Entrou na regra de transição
Quem está a apenas dois anos de completar o mínimo de contribuição de 30 anos, se mulher, e 35 anos, se homem, poderá se aposentar sem cumprir idade mínima, após pagar pedágio de 50% sobre o tempo faltante. O valor da aposentadoria será igual à média salarial multiplicada pelo fator previdenciário. Porém, essa média será calculada com todas as contribuições, sem o descarte das 20% menores.
Como o fator previdenciário afeta o valor da aposentadoria? Veja exemplos
O fator previdenciário de um homem de 55 anos, com 35 anos de contribuição, é de 0,679 (segundo tabela válida de dezembro de 2019 a novembro de 2020). Se a média salarial desse homem é R$ 3.000, a aposentadoria vai ser R$ 2.037 (0,679 X 3.000 = 2.037).
Se um homem se aposentar aos 65 anos, com 45 de contribuição, o fator previdenciário vai ser 1,328. Se a média salarial também for de R$ 3.000, a aposentadoria dele seria de R$ 3.984.
Como saber qual o meu fator previdenciário?
A tabela do fator é atualizada todos os anos. Quem já pediu a aposentadoria e está esperando a resposta do INSS ou atingiu os requisitos mínimos da aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição (35 anos de pagamentos para homens e 30 anos para mulheres) antes de a reforma entrar em vigor, terá o benefício calculado com a tabela válida até 30 de novembro de 2019.
Para as mulheres, é necessário considerar sempre cinco anos de contribuição a mais na hora de encontrar o fator na tabela. Por exemplo, uma mulher com 30 anos de pagamentos ao INSS deve olhar a coluna de 35 anos de contribuição.
Quem for se aposentar com o fator pela regra de transição usa a tabela vigente quando acabar de cumprir os requisitos do pedágio de 50%. A tabela atual do fator, válida até novembro de 2020, pode ser consultada no site da Previdência.
O fator previdenciário é sempre ruim?
O fator é pior para quem se aposenta com pouca idade. Quanto mais cedo a pessoa se aposentava pelo fator previdenciário, menor era o valor da aposentadoria dela.
Por outro lado, antes da reforma, a aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição pelo fator previdenciário era a única forma de o aposentado conseguir ganhar mais do que o valor de sua aposentadoria integral, dependendo da idade e do tempo que ele contribuiu com o INSS.
Como funciona o Fator previdenciário na aposentadoria?
A fórmula matemática que estabelece esse índice leva em consideração três variáveis:
– O tempo de contribuição do segurado;
– A idade do trabalhador no momento da aposentadoria;
– A expectativa de vida dos brasileiros.
Quanto maior o tempo de contribuição e a idade da pessoa, maior fica o número dele e, portanto, maior será o benefício da aposentadoria. Por outro lado, se o tempo de contribuição e a idade forem menores, o valor do benefício diminuirá.
Esse é justamente o objetivo do fator previdenciário, que foi criado para incentivar os segurados da Previdência Social a trabalharem por mais tempo antes de pedirem a aposentadoria.
A intenção é controlar os gastos previdenciários do governo, já que, desta maneira, os segurados tendem a contribuir por mais tempo para receber um valor vantajoso. Mas, quem quisesse, poderia optar por se aposentar cedo com um benefício menor.
Como é feito o cálculo do fator previdenciário?
O fator é o resultado de uma fórmula matemática que considera o tempo de contribuição, a idade até o momento de requerer a aposentadoria, a expectativa que o segurado tem de vida e, por último, a alíquota fixa no valor de 0,31.
Sendo:
f Fator previdenciário;
Es Expectativa de sobrevida no momento da aposentadoria;
Tc Tempo de contribuição ao INSS até o momento da aposentadoria;
Id Idade no momento da aposentadoria;
a Alíquota de contribuição correspondente a 0,31 (constante, que corresponde a 20% das contribuições patronais, mais até 11% das contribuições do empregado).
Via: previdenciarista / economia.uol.com.br / cmpprev /
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